Patients may have multiple system effects affecting the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous systems. Typically, at least two organ systems will be involved. Some clinical manifestations include:
Patients will have airway edema of both the upper (laryngeal edema) and lower (asthma) airway. This leads to associated stridor or wheezing. Rhinitis can be an early sign of respiratory involvement
The major concern is the collapse of the cardiovascular system. Patients will be hypovolemic due to vasodilation as well as the loss of intravascular fluid due to capillary leak. Patients are often anxious or agitated with either flushed or pale appearance. Comorbid conditions may also contribute to symptoms.
Patients may complain of abdominal pain, diarrhea, and emesis.
Patients may have urticaria as well as conjunctivitis. Flushing or pale appearance are common as well.