Key Learning Points
Electrical Vectors
Axis DeviationPage 8
- Normal limits for the cardiac axis are between -30 and +100 degrees(a).
- A heart with an electrical axis outside of normal is said to have an axis deviation.
- A left axis deviation is between -30 and -90 degrees(b).
- A right axis deviation is between +100 and +180 degrees(c).
- Axis deviation indicates a depolarization problem, which can be caused by: bundle branch blocks, enlargement of the ventricle and dead cardiac tissue.
Axis applicationPage 9
- A change in the cardiac axis can indicate cardiac tissue damage especially when associated with chest pain.
